So instead this is more of an "open post", discussing some of the possibilities for a game or story set in Rome during its nadir, and asking the readers if anyone out there actually knows anything about this period in history.
DREAM OF A DARK DETECTIVE
The population graph of Rome over history tells the story better than I could;
an extremely, even unnaturally for the time, dense and highly populous city declining into a smallish town, leaving its stones and tenements to moulder.
Based purely on population it stays this way through the entire middle ages, only leaping into action again as we approach the modern era.
But even during this Nadir there was quite a lot going on in Rome. It was still the seat of the Western Christian Church, (some of the time), and while its population was relatively small, it never disappeared.
I've always loved this liminal period of European history, especially notable in Britian, and I couldn't stop thinking of some kind of ancient detective story set in fallen Rome, of a Knight or Investigator sent out into the grass-filled ruins and down into the Crypts to deal with the freaks and oddities which, at least theoretically, might have been hanging out there.
It is a lot of very dense, overgrown, largely empty,
ruined and available property. Really a great place to set up shop if you are a
cult or criminal gang, so much that you might almost want to start a cult just
so you could hang out in the ruins of Rome, being weird.
The Silentiary
The Silentiary, ("Silentiarius, silentiarios), was a Byzantine Court post. Originally it seems to have been a job of keeping all the nobles and petitioners in the Imperial court in order, and then later was transformed into an honorific of its own.
I learned of the role through the strange name of "John the Silentiary" a Byzantine court agent who played some important role in the fate of Rome in the mid 8th century.
It’s a general idea of mine to that to create a
Detective, first build a world of social layers, factions, racial groups,
ideals and religions, and when you look down through the stacked Venn diagram
of all these different groups, find the part where as many overlap as possible,
and make your Detective right there, stuck in the middle of everything.
Make sure they have enough putative authority to walk into the homes of rich
and poor, but nowhere near enough to guarantee they can get what they want.
They need a ritual, neutral role, something socially protected, but not one
that can afford its own range of patronage.
The Silentiary is a curious ritual role from a foreign court, one of the "Bearded Classes", (i.e. not a eunuch), though it could be amongst the lowest official roles, and could be awarded honour-ily, presumably for notable or useful deeds. They seem to make a perfect detective, a Silentiary of the Ruins, or Silentium Ruinarum.
But what cults or mysteries will they be investigating? Here things get difficult! If we assume a period for the Detective Stories around the middle part of the 8th Century, before Byzantium is driven out of Italy by the Lombards, it might be a little like this;
Some ideas for cults;
> Local Powers
Islam - A surprisingly big chunk of southern France is under Islamic control up until the mid 8thC. What could be more Lovecraftian for a Catholic Roman Italian than sneaking through the ruins and discovering... Secret Muslims!
Germanic Wotanism - At the same time the Lombards are currently ruling northern Italy, and I think are still Germanic Pagans. The Franks are Christianised, but how Christian are they really? There must be some hold outs and crypto-Wotanists. Native post-classical Pagnism is one thing but what if the Goatherds find a Blood Eagle in the Temple of Jupiter. Secret Germans? Or is someone trying to throw you off the scent.
> Christian Cults - The Heresies
There are SO MANY fragments of early Christianity that get banned or ejected; Arianism, Docetism, Ebionites, Gnosticism, Marcionism, Montanism, Trinitarianism. I barely know a damn thing about any of them.
"Sethian - Belief that the snake in the Garden of Eden (Satan) was an agent of the true God and brought knowledge of truth to man via the fall of man."
"Ophites - Belief that the serpent who tempted Adam and Eve was a hero and that the God who forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge is the enemy."
Finding secret heretical Christians lacks the Elevator-Pitch high concept energy of secret Muslims but is a lot more likely and probably just as upsetting for the authorities of the time.
There were also "The Cults of the Martyrs" and "The Cults of the Saints", though I know nothing about either of these or if they even match my requirements for cults.
> Surviving Roman Paganism
Julian the Apostate died in 363, so a looong time ago relative to our story, but who knows, maybe some remnants of the Senatorial classes, or one of the families of Rome, or some shady Bishop, or just local people, maintain some form of Classical Paganism. The most likely are the actual Gods of Rome, (there must be statues about), Isis Worship and the Mythratic Cults, who, tbh, would really love hanging out in mysterious ruins.
> Byzantine Crypto-Paganism
The Empire still stands after all, and the great texts and ancient knowledge of Rome still exists, just not here.
An interesting thing about Byzantine Crypto-Paganism is how modern it feels. Courtiers and Bishop are being accused of Crypto-Paganism in 7th Century Byzantium and 600 years after that, Gemistos Plethon writes a book recommending a return to some form of Platonism.
Instead of being a weird superstition, here the moral and philosophical challenge is coming from within the texts themselves. You can't just un-write Plato and it looks like there was some kind of weird undercurrent in Byzantine thought that maybe questioned this whole Christianity thing and was a bit too interested in the Old Books.
Secret Platonists in the ruins! A plot of intellectual elites driven by a search for truth.
> Satanism
It’s a classic for a reason. I think even the medieval idea of Satan hadn't taken shape by the 8thC but a belief in the Devil and in Magical Powers and Demonology and Witchcraft more generally kind of tugs along in the undertow of Christianity by the middle middle ages, driven by people like Clerks, Alchemists and overeducated oddities.
Our Silentium could run into the first hot new actual Satanists! Imagine being the first guys to work that one out!
And of course, not to forget the European Classic;
> Jews
Because it wouldn’t be a European conspiracy story if
there weren’t Jews in the tunnels.
Queen Mab's Palace!
The Kickstarter is still running and we are heading for a painted cover!
The Lombards are fairly firmly Christianised by this stage (the dispute is over what kind of Christian, and how much they respect Byzantium – or Paris), and the Franks have been for even longer. Hold-outs would be pretty rare.
ReplyDeleteI can assure you that Trinitarianism was not banned or ejected from the Church. The Dorothy L Sayers essay ‘Creed or Chaos?’ republished in the collection of the same name has an interesting segment on early Christological heresies and their relevance, but bear in mind who she is addressing and when.
‘Cult of the Saints’ and/or martyrs is referring to the trend of focused, specific venerations – as in, the Cult of Mary, or of some local figure like St Magnus. In the same way, ‘snake cult’ might merely be a descriptive term – but the concentration on snakes to the exclusion of all else might be looked down on by those who at least in theory share their religion.
The thing to remember about this period is that there’s no big formal central canonisation process – that comes later. Local acclaim for a holy man or woman might lead to them being venerated as a saint, and that region’s Bishop might try and slow or stop it.
A nice memorable example, if from a few centuries later, is Guinefort the Holy Greyhound. That is the sort of thing that might lead to somebody stepping in and saying ‘No, you’re not worshipping a dog.’
So it’s not so much that the Cult of St Vespaluus, say, is obviously bad as that it might be hiding something (old-school Hellenic Paganism, Heresy, Platonists, &c.). Of course, Rome has a very obvious Ecclesiastical authority interested in getting things right, so heterodox cults will have to be a careful. But at the same time that ecclesiastical centre attracts a lot of comers and goers, and there are multiple sources of power, patronage and protection (perhaps some Papal official was raised in a village that was a centre of the Cult of St Vespaluus – even if he’s not an inner circle member, he has an enduring affection for it).
I’d like to say something more about Platonism, but that’s a bit of a blind spot for me.
Thanks Edmund
DeleteI'm fairly certain that among rural communities - and at that point in history, feudalism hadn't permeated all the lands equally - holdovers of Roman paganism were quite a thing in the 8th century.
ReplyDeleteHmm, I do actually know a little bit about 8th century Rome (indeed, the only time I've actually been there was a trip for a uni module on the subject, which meant we ignored all of the classical and Renaissance sights which people normally go to see and spent the entire time being frogmarched from one obscure early medieval church to another. I enjoyed it).
ReplyDeleteOne potentially fun aspect of the period I'd like to highlight is the habit of ousted or repentant grandees from the major nearby powers retiring to Rome and its environs in order to join the Church. For example, Carloman, co-ruler of the Frankish realm and perpetrator of various massacres such as the Blood Court at Canstatt, abdicated in 746 and came to Rome to found a monastery. It's a bit unclear how voluntary his retirement was, but he did subsequently get mixed up in affairs of state by scheming with the Lombards to break up the Franco-Papal alliance. I reckon an abbot who was once a blood-soaked old Germanic warlord, and might either be living a life of redemptive penance or plotting a vengeful political comeback, would make an interesting suspect and/or mentor in any detective story.
If you want some primary sources with more detail, the Liber Pontificalis exists in English translation and is the main source for most goings on in this era. There are some mentions of the Silentiary, I believe. My knowledge of all the precise theological debates is now rusty, but I could write a bit about some of the various controversies over Roman relics if that's of interest.
What a wonderful character!
DeleteThanks for in informative reply.
My pleasure. I have had a quick skim of my notes and found what I was looking for: the heresy of Aldebert. One of Rome's key advantages at this time was its superabundance of saintly relics - because of all the martyring that had gone on there in previous centuries - and popes leveraged this by sending things like edible holy sponges and boxed sets of bottled saint-juice to favourable rulers. At times, however, Christian populations could get fed up with having to send people to Rome for this, hence why the Lombards just looted the extramural cemeteries wholesale in 756, and why various preachers - such as the excellently named Desiderius the Necromancer - became popular by claiming to bypass the papal middleman and contact the saints directly.
DeleteIn the mid-8th century, there was a particular problem with one Gaulish heretic, Aldebert, who said that there was no need to go to Rome for relics, boasted of having received a letter from Christ, and "distributed his own fingernails and hairs from his head to be honoured and carried about with the relics of St Peter." Rome hosted a synod aimed at excommunicating him, but struggled to decide if he was a madman or a fraudster. I like the idea of a small sect of Aldebert's followers active in the city, perhaps having arrived disguised as pilgrims (pilgrims being spies was a common concern at the time) with the mission of stealing or destroying the Roman relics and undermining the real pilgrim trade. Maybe they could team up with some Byzantine Iconoclasts, who would have a shared interest in destroying blasphemous images.
Lots more rabbit holes I could happily disappear down here, but I'll leave it at that!
So you are saying Desiderius the Necromancer may have battled John the Silencer in the catacombs.
DeleteSadly, Desiderius lived a few generations earlier. But he did train some acolytes: "Those who were paralysed or disabled by some other infirmity he ordered to be stretched forcibly, as if he could restore by his own brute strength men whom he was unable to cure by the intervention of divine power. Some of his helpers would seize a patient’s hands and some would tug at other parts of his body, until it seemed that his sinews must snap. Those who were not cured his servants sent away half dead." So who knows, maybe John could still find a sect of sadistic proto-chiropractors hiding out in the ruins somewhere, passing on the master's doctrines of faith healing through muscle-power...
DeleteLong time listener, first time caller. I have *just* the book for you. It's a couple of centuries after the period you're talking about, but Chris Wickham's Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150 is good.
ReplyDeleteFor the period you're looking for, check out Wickham's Early Medieval Italy, the essays of La Rocca (ed.), Italy in the Early Middle Ages, and for papal Rome itself, TFX Noble, The Republic of St. Peter.
Thank you for the references!
DeleteNo problem! It's great to be able to have references to hand when I come across questions like this.
Delete(◕‿◕✿)
ReplyDeleteIts wild to me how different my audiences are. The blogspot crew never fail to come through with the book recs & obscure knowledge. Thanks everyone!
Far from an expert on the subject, but one thing that repeated in my "Early Christianity" course was how many (any?) heresies could just be called Arianism. The specifics didn't always matter, you just called to people who worshiped wrong Arians.
ReplyDeleteMy favourite early Christian heresies:
ReplyDeleteThe Basilideans (followers of Basilides) - believed that all things emerged from "the not-being God" or "God-Who-Was-Not"--a tantalising echo of Buddhist or Taoist doctrines on fundamental emptiness. Could be very Lovecraftian to peek into a ruin and find people worshipping Nothingness Incarnate.
The Basilideans also believed in "appendages" which were animal or plant souls that could get stuck onto a human soul and impart certain characteristics. E.g. a prideful person might have a lion soul attached to him. Weirdly similar to the Scientologist doctrine on thetans!
The Peratae: had a worldview that was basically astrology-as-cosmic-dystopia. Since all human fates are determined by the stars, and the stars are identified with Classical gods, so it follows that humans lack free will and are utterly at the mercy of the gods. But salvation and freedom enter the universe through Jesus, who took possession of the constellation Draco at the time of his crucifixion. The spanner in the works of the old gods' deterministic fate-machine...
Both of these groups probably died out long before the 8th century, but of course you can imagine them secretly persisting underground.
I recommend "Lost Christianities" by Bart D. Ehrman. It has a lot of good material like this in it, as well as some pragmatic discussion of *why* mainstream Christianity became dominant and why these other cults were probably always destined to peter out into obscurity.
So that 6th century population crash seems to have been a one-two-three-four punch of climate change, war, trade disruption and plague -- specifically /the/ plague, the Black Death. We weren't sure about that until fairly recently, but DNA analysis has provided a smoking gun.
ReplyDeleteSo, as an additional wrinkle, you could have a plague outbreak tossed in, complete with dead rats and buboes. We don't know if the period had some of the crazier appurtenances of plague periods, like flagellants or attacks on the Jews, but I'm pretty sure those would be within the error bars. And of course you could totally have a "Decameron" type situation with a group of nobles self-quarantining in a manor house outside of town -- a perfect setting for a locked room mystery.
Finally, note that Italy as a whole lost something like 2/3 of its population between the 5th and 7th centuries. There was significant reforestation, and all sorts of wild animals, long unseen, seem to have popped up again -- wolves, wild boar, that sort of thing. So basically everyone was within an hour or two of no-kidding wilderness.
Doug M.